2 – 4 Additionally, hypobaric (high-altitude) conditions, low inspired fraction of oxygen, and desaturated mixed venous blood can also cause hypoxemia.Īlveolar ventilation is the process by which the lungs deliver oxygen to the pulmonary capillaries and rid them of carbon dioxide. 2 Classically, this clinical state is divided into hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure.Ĭommonly cited causes of hypoxemia include global alveolar hypoventilation, diffusion impairment, ventilation–perfusion mismatch, and shunting. ![]() ARF occurs when the respiratory system is unable to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues. 3, 4 A break in any of these links may result in ARF. ![]() Normal respiratory activity has been described as a functional chain, beginning with the central nervous system (CNS) and ending with the thoracic cage, muscles of respiration, pulmonary parenchyma, and the pulmonary vasculature. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of ARF flow from a sound understanding of pulmonary pathophysiology. ![]() 1 The causes of ARF are myriad, and its clinical presentation ranges from somnolence and hypopnea to profound tachypnea, tachycardia, and agitation. Respiratory Failure and Mechanical VentilationĪcute respiratory failure (ARF) is a life-threatening process that requires rapid identification and treatment by the emergency physician.
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